edu是不是你说的"爬多了有好处"要打个问号?

linkspeed

非常学术的. 不但是英文的, 而且是2005年出版的, 并且还有文献索引. 你一定喜欢.

From: MONTESSORI, The science behind the genius
2005, Oxford
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The Impact of Crawling

The onset of crawling has also been linked to a broad array of advances in both the physical and the social domains. These advances include perception of distance, perception of one's own body motion, representation of spatial layout, ability to refer to objects by pointing, and other social and emotional developments (Campos et al., 2000).

One example of the developmental advances that come with self-locomotion in humans is seen in a study of infants' ability to find hidden objects. Infants, some of whom were already moving themselves (crawling or cruising along on two legs while holding something) and others of whom were not yet moving on their own watched from a distance as an experimenter hid a toy under one of two colored Cups. Infants were then carried to the hiding place. Even though all infants were of the same age (7 to 11 months), those infants who had been moving on their own the longest were significantly more likely to find the hidden object than were infants with less or no locomotor experience (Bai & Bertenthal,1992). This suggests that the onset of self-locomotion is related to developmental advances in the representation of self and space.

Self-generated locomotion also is linked to depth perception in human babies, echoing the Held and Hein finding with kittens described earlier. Wariness of heights develops when infants begin to move on their own (Campos et al., 200o). Infants who are not yet crawling are less likely to show a fear response - an increased heart rate - when lowered in a harness over a "visual cliff," a set-up that looks like a steep drop-off, than are infants of the same age who already crawl. This holds true even if a child's experience with self-generated movement is induced artificially, by having them use a walker.'

As with grasping, developments accruing with the onset of self-locomotion extend to the social realm as well. Asocial advance that appears to be related to self-locomotion is following a person's gaze. Following someone's gaze indicates at least rudimentary sensitivity to others' mental lives and thus is an important milestone in social cognition. Some studies of self-locomotion and gaze following occurred in China (Tao & Dong,1997, described in Campos et al., 2000). At least at the time of this study, urban Chinese infants spent much of their awake time propped in a sitting position on a very soft bed, surrounded by thick pillows to prevent falling. Their parents discouraged crawling to prevent dirty hands, and the infants crawled late relative to suburban Chinese infants who were more often permitted to crawl. When tested in a gaze-following procedure, suburban Chinese infants followed about 75% of gazes, whereas urban ones followed only about 50%. Other studies in both the United States and China have shown that even among crawlers, a child's tendency to follow a gaze is significantly related to the length of time the child has been crawling (Campos rl al., 2ooo). Self-produced locomotion thus appears to open the door to sharing others' mental experiences.

linkspeed

趴着睡觉的理由. 但没有说象DOMAN那样用个爬行床来鼓励爬行. 虽然趴着有窒息的危险.

后面还有好多文字. 就不转了.

总而言之1点: 在保证安全的前提下, 鼓励孩子自主的进行活动, 任何和这1点相对的设施
比如:swings, strollers, cribs, and playpens. 通通不建议使用.
连高高的餐椅也不建议使用. 孩子需要有自己的家具, 而且必须是轻的,孩子自己可以挪动的.
这样他可以按照自己的意愿来布置房间.

理由: 这是孩子探索学习的方式. 成人应该给他充分的自由.


Montessorians also recommend that babies be given sufficient time on their stomachs to develop upper arm strength, to encourage crawling. Recent research showing a reduced incidence of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in back sleepers precludes advocating putting babies on their stomachs to sleep, but research has shown that children who sleep on their stomachs reach many gross motor milestones, including crawling, somewhat earlier than do children who sleep on their backs; side sleepers are intermediate between the two (Davis, Moon, Sachs, & Ottolini,1998), perhaps because they sometimes roll to their stomachs and get some experience pushing up their heads. In another study, at 6 months stomach sleepers were more advanced in their social development and communication relative to back sleepers. In absolute terms, these differences were still apparent at 18 months, but statistically they were no longer significant (Dewey, Fleming, & Golding, 1998). However, one problem dampening the results of this study was that mothers were asked about sleep position only once, at 4 weeks, and it is likely that sleep position changed later. Since parents tend to relax with time, and (at least anecdotally) many babies sleep better on their stomachs, it is likely that a proportion of babies who were sleeping on their stomachs by 3 or 4 months were still classified in the "back sleepers" group. Another study found that only 44% of infants' sleep positions were consistent from 1 week to 6 months (Davis et al., 1998). Montessorians recommend that babies get sufficient time on their stomachs, and research suggests this would impact the precocity of development.

linkspeed

短期效应是显著的, 长期效应还是个问题.

Dr. Montessori's ideas about giving infants objects were revolutionary for her time, and her ideas about providing locomotor experience are against the grain today as strollers are increasingly employed to get children through shopping malls and airports. Research clearly supports the view that grasping and self-locomotion have short-term effects on children's understanding of the physical and social world. Over the long haul, normal development (as viewed in broad strokes) still occurs even in the absence of movement, and whether precocious self-movement has subtle but meaningful psychological influences is an open question. Montessori practices in this case are not necessarily prescribed by the research: at least in the ways that have been tested, and in ways that are readily apparent, children with more and less early locomotor experience still reach the same end points in development. For example, children who crawl earlier develop depth perception earlier, but all children with normal vision and experience do develop depth perception at the point in development when it becomes useful (e.g., when they crawl). However, Dr. Montessori's insight that movement and development are closely entwined presaged current psychology research, and knowing earlier that one can move about in the environment and do things may have lasting effects on psychological development that have not yet been noticed or studied.

nettik

家庭不太可能给孩子那么多，要把家具全换成孩子的，经济上也不一定受的了

亦璞父亲

一楼能不能把它翻译成汉语啊。

linkspeed

我汉语英语都是只能读不能写

月下小楼

你好可爱哦，你现在写的不是汉语吗？

aidai2000

月下小楼+-->引用:月下小楼 你好可爱哦，你现在写的不是汉语吗？

你戳他干吗？他说不定是复制的呢？

linkspeed

哈哈，不是复制的，是用语音输入的。

aidai2000

linkspeed+-->引用:linkspeed 哈哈，不是复制的，是用语音输入的。

那么多英语都是语音输入了，你口语好，语音识别软件更好。  <img src='images/smiles/eek.gif' smilietext=':eek:' border='0' style='vertical-align:middle' alt=':eek:' />