(俄国)阿赫玛托娃 | | | ![]() |
| | | 阿赫玛托娃(Akhmatova,1889-1966)是俄罗斯文学史上著名的女诗人之一。她和前夫古米廖夫同是阿克梅派的杰出代表。出版的诗集有《黄昏》、《念珠》、《白色的云朵》、《车前草》)、《耶稣纪元》以及长诗《没有主人公的长诗》、组诗《安魂曲》等。
The Russian poet Anna Akhmatova was born in 1889. She witnessed as a child the reign of the last Russian Tsar, Nicholas II. In her lifetime she also witnessed the Bolshevik Revolution, the Stalinist Terror and Purges, and Russia's involvement in both World Wars.
She was persecuted by the Communists, but she survived, a symbol of truth and integrity. Today she is considered one of the great modern Russian poets, along with Boris Pasternak, Osip Mandelstam and Marina Tsvetaeva.
When Joseph Stalin gained power in 1924, Communist rule turned into a totalitarian dictatorship fuelled by Stalin’s paranoia. In the 1930's the Stalinist Purges claimed millions of victims. Public show trials were performed, where the accused were forced to read prepared confessions. Many of Akhmatova's friends and fellow writers were arrested or executed. In 1933 her son Lev was arrested, and again in 1935.
One of the aims of the Bolsheviks, once they took control, was to eliminate all vestiges of pre-revolutionary culture. Lyric poetry of the kind Akhmatova wrote had no place in the new Communist society. The government formally established ‘Socialist Realism’ as the guideline for all of the arts. There was an unofficial ban on Akhmatova's poetry from 1925 until 1940.
In 1946 there was an official decree banning publication of her poetry and she was expelled from the Writer's Union. This meant that her ration card was taken away and she had no means of support. She relied on her friends for the rest of her life.
Akhmatova's son was arrested again in 1949. He was not released until 1956. To try to win her son's release, Akhmatova wrote a few poems in praise of Stalin and the government, but it was of no use. Later she requested that these poems not appear in her collected works.
In 1953 Joseph Stalin died, and Nikita Krushchev became leader. In 1956 Krushchev denounced Stalin, calling him a tyrant. That same year, Akhmatova's son was released from prison. Akhmatova died in 1966, on the 12th anniversary of Stalin's death.
(江湖整理) |
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