本帖最后由 瑜珈 于 2013-6-12 22:02 编辑
这是发在儿教的一篇旧贴。学习phonics,必须先了解一些概念,比如Phonemic Awareness ,Phonological awareness,这些术语相信大家都听说过。这里是一份美国阅读专家组报告(The national reading panel report -------Practical advice for teachers)中的论述,特翻译了一下,跟各位家长分享。最后,还会放几个视频让大家看看到底怎么做。
说明一下,本人非英语专业毕业,也不从事跟英语有关的工作,翻译错误或表达不当的地方,敬请指正。
Phonemic Awareness 音素意识
Some Definitions and Distinctions
一些定义和区别
Phonemic awareness is the ability to hear and manipulate the individual sounds within words.(The sounds within words are called phonemes ,so awareness of these sounds is phonemic awareness.) Spoken words are composed of sounds .For instance,the word cat has three sounds or phonemes: /c/ /a/ /t/ (conventional linguistic notation separates individual sounds or phonemes with slash marks).The word bike also has three phonemes: /b/ /I/ /k/; phonemic awareness is of awareness of sounds ,not letters. The word bike has four letters, but we hear only three phonemes when the word is spoken. For most adults, dividing words like cat or bike into constituent sounds is easy, but for young children the task can be formidable: Words seem to “explode out” as one big sound---cat--rather than as collections of smaller sounds.
Phonemic awareness 音素意识是一种能听出和处理单词中每一单个音的能力(单词中的每一个音称作phoneme音素,所以,对这些音的意识就是音素意识)。口头语言是由音组成的,例如:单词cat 里有三个音或音素/c/ /a/ /t/ (约定的语言学记号法 用斜杠将单个音或音素分开。单词bike 也是有三个音素/b/ /I/ /k/。 音素意识是一种针对音的认知,而不是字母。Bike 这个词有四个字母,但是说出这个单词的时候我们只听到三个音素。对大多数成年人来说,把象cat 或bike这样的单词分解出音的构成是容易的,但对幼儿来讲,这样的任务可以是艰难的:单词好象是作为一个整音(big sound) 直接冲出-cat- 而不是由更小单位的音集合起来发出。
Young children vary greatly in the ability to hear the individual sounds within words, and this variation led some scientists to hypothesize that phonemic awareness might be an essential early reading skill (Stanovich, 1986).The question was whether children with a well-developed ability to hear the sounds within words would be better equipped to learn how these sounds match the letters. English is an “alphabetic language,” meaning that the letters in the written language refer to or correspond to the sounds in the spoken language. A child who cannot perceive the separable sounds within words is at a disadvantage when it is time to match these sounds with letters while learning to read.
幼儿的识听单词中单个音的能力(下面写为辨音能力)个体差异较大,而这些差异使一些科学家猜测,音素意识可能是关键的早期阅读技能。问题是,是否是有着良好辨音能力的孩子有着更好的预备 去学习音和字母对应的知识。英语是字母语言,意味着书面语言中的字母指的是或相当于口头语言的音。不能感知识别单词中那些可以分割出的单音的孩子,在学习阅读过程中,将音和字母对应时,会处于一个不利的情况。
Phonemic awareness is not the same as phonics. Phonics refers to instruction in how letters and sounds correspond to each other and how these sound-letter correspondences can be used to decode or pronounce words in text. Decoding means the analysis of the letters in a word to determine its pronunciation; to translate from one form of message to another,such as from printed text to pronunciation.Phonemic awareness is not about how sounds and letters match or how to sound out letters to form words; it is only about hearing and thinking about or manipulating the individual sounds within words.
Phonemic awareness和phonics是不一样的概念。Phonics是指在字母与音之间怎么相互对应、以及这些音-字母的对应关系怎样被用来对书面文字进行解码或发音方面的一种训练。 decoding是指通过分析单词中的字母来判断发音,把一种形式的信息翻译为另一种形式的信息,就象从印刷文本到读出发音这种的。Phonemic awareness音素意识不是关于音--字母对应关系或如何读出字母来组成单词的,只是关于听出、思考、处理单词中的每一个音
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