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<h1 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Comic Sans MS">FNW提供的RULES</span></h1><h1 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Comic Sans MS">http://www.etjy.com/showthread.php?t=51915&extra=%26st%3D8%26pp%3D50...t%3D8%26pp%3D50</span></h1><h1 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Comic Sans MS">以及渔家的29 rules</span></h1><h1 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Comic Sans MS">Consonants <h1></h1></span></h1><h1></h1><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Arial" size="4">The phonograms: b c d f g h j k l m n p qu r s t v w x y z </span><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Arial" size="3">1) Q is always written with two letters, qu, when we say “kw.” The u is not considered a vowel in this case.</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">2) C before e, i, or y says “s.” When c by itself has a sound, it always says “s” if followed by e, i, or y (cent, ci ty, cy clone); otherwise its sound is “k” (cat, cy clone, mu sic). </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">3) G before e, i, or y may say “j.” When g has a sound by itself it can say “j” only if it is followed by e, i, or y. When followed by any other letter, it always says (hard) “g.” “Get,” “girl,” and “give” show that e and i do not always make g say “j.” </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">4) Gu before e, i, or y says “g.” In order to keep g hard before e, i, or y within a word, a “u” is added after the g, as in guest, guide, guit ar. The u goes with the g and does not act like a vowel in this case. Most words containing gu are from French and Spanish. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span><h1 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">Vowels </span></h1><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">The phonograms: a e i o u y </span><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Arial" size="4">1) The vowels a, e, i, o, and u usually say (short) a, e, i, o, and u, when followed by a consonant before the end of a syllable, as in at, end, in, odd, and up.</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">2) The vowels a, e, i, o, and u usually say (long) a, e, i, o, and u at the end of a syllable, as in na vy, me, si lent, o pen, and mu sic. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">3) “I” can say (long) “e” when it comes before another vowel in a suffix, as in ra di o or mil li on. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">4) “Y” says (long) “i” at the end of short words or at the end of a syllable, as in my, try, ty rant; but at the end of a suffix y usually says (long) “e” as in ba by, love ly, and hap py. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">5) A, o, and u can sometimes have a third sound, as in want, do, and put. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span><h1 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">Silent Final E </span></h1><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">1) time: The silent e is there to let the vowel say its name. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">2) have: In English we cannot end a word with a “v,” so the silent e follows the “v.” </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">3) chance, change: The silent e follows the c and g so that they can say “s” and “j.” </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">4) lit tle: Every syllable in English must contain at least one vowel. The -ble, -cle, -dle, -fle, -gle, -kle, -ple, -sle, -tle, and -zle endings are the only syllables that would not contain a vowel without the silent e. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">5) please: The silent e comes after a single s or z at the end of a root which is preceeded by another consonant or vowel team. The silent e shows that the s or z belongs to the root and is not a part of a suffix. Compare “pleas” (more than one plea) to “please,” and “dens” (more than one den) to “dense.” </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">6) are: The silent e gives length and importance to very short words, so that they can be used as main-idea words, as in come, ewe, awe. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span><h2 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Arial">Consonant Teams for Special English Sounds</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">The Phonograms: ch gh ng ph sh th wh </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">1) ch: pronounced as in church (English pronunciation); as in Christmas (Greek pronunciation), or as in chef (French pronunciation). </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">2) gh: is silent, as in straight, light. “Gh” is a team which represented a special German sound that has completely disappeared from the English language, although it remains present in some spellings. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">3) ng: as in long, ring, playing. “Ng” only occurs at the end of roots, and in the -ing ending. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">4) ph: as in phone, and is a Latin consonant team for the sound of “f.” </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">5) sh: as in ship, fish. “sh” is used only at the beginning and ending of English root words (not in words of foreign origin, ever). </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">6) th: voiced, as in the, them, and these; or unvoiced, as in three, thing, and thank. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">7) wh: says “hw” as in when and wheel, and only occurs at the beginning of roots, never at the end of words. In spelling, remember to use “wh” for question words (who, what, when, why, where, which) and for words having to do with whistling or whining noises (whinny, whisper, whip, whirl). </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span><h2 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Arial">Consonant Teams for the End of a Root Word</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">The Phonograms: ck dge tch ff ll ss zz </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">1) ck: as in duck, clock, quack, and is used at the end of a root word right after a short vowel. Use “k” at the end of a root right after consonants (risk), long vowels (leak), or special vowel teams (book). </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">2) dge: as in bridge, edge, sledge, and is used at the end of a root word right after a short vowel. Use “ge” at the end of a root right after a consonant (hinge), long vowels (page), or special vowel teams (gouge). </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">3) tch: as in watch, scotch, stitch, and is used at the end of a root word right after a short vowel. Use “ch” at the end of a root right after a consonant (bench), long vowels (reach), or special vowel teams (couch). </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">4) ff: as in stiff, fluff, and is used at the end of a root word right after a short vowel. Use “f” at the end of a root right after a consonant (gulf), long vowels (loaf), or special vowel teams (roof). </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">5) ll: as in well, hill, and is used at the end of a root word right after a short vowel. Use “l” at the end of a root right after a consonant (curl), long vowels (feel), and special vowel teams (tool). </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">6) ss: as in glass, dress, moss, and is used at the end of a root word right after a short vowel. Use “se” at the end of a root right after a consonant (tense), long vowels (please), or special vowel teams (house). </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">7) zz: as in fizz, jazz, and is used at the end of a root word right after a short vowel. Use “ze” at the end of a root right after a consonant (bronze), long vowels (breeze), or special vowel teams (gauze). </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span><h2 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Arial">Silent Consonants</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">The Phonograms: gn kn mb mn rh wr </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">1) gn as in gnat, reign, sign. “G” is silent before “n” at the beginning or end of a root word. In Old English, the g was pronounced, which is why it still shows up in spelling. When the root ends in gn and English suffixes are added, the g remains silent (sign, signing), but when Latin suffixes are added, the g sounds (sign, signal). </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">2) kn as in knife, knee, knight. “K” is silent before “n” at the beginning of a root word. In Old English, the k was pronounced. Most words containing kn have meanings related to knuckles or knees. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">3) mb as in lamb, comb, climb. “B” is silent after “m” at the end of a root word. But when some suffixes are added to the root, the b sounds (crumb, crumble). </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">4) mn as in autumn, hymn. “N” is silent after “m” at the end of a root word. But when suffixes are added to the root, the “n” sounds (condemn, condemnation). </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">5) rh as in rhyme, rhythm, rhubarb. “H” is silent after “r” at the beginning of the root word, and in rare cases, at the end of the root (myrrh). “Rh” is a Latin team used for sounds in Greek words the Romans borrowed. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">6) wr as in write, wring, wrist. “W” is always silent before “r” at the beginning of a root word. In Old English, the “w” was pronounced. All words containing the wr team have meanings related to twisting. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span><h2 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Arial">R-Controlled Vowels</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">The Phonograms: ar er ear ir or wor ur yr </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">The rule is the same for all r-controlled vowels: the short sound is controlled by a final r or r followed by other consonants; however, if the next sound following the r is a vowel, the vowel will capture the r sound and leave the first vowel unchanged. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">1) ar: controlled in car, carton, carnation. Unchanged in carry, barrel, paragraph, daring. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">2) er: controlled in her, clerk, father. Unchanged in berry, herald, period. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">3) ear: controlled in heard, learn, earnest. Unchanged in wearing, bearing. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">4) ir: controlled in first, girl, bird. Unchanged in mirror, spirit, tiring. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">5) or: controlled in or, for, fortune. Unchanged in sorry, borrow. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">6) wor: Always controlled: worm, worthy, workmanship. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">7) ur: controlled in nurse, church, burn. Unchanged in fury, purest, security. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">8) yr: controlled in myrrh, myrtle, martyr. Unchanged in syrup, pyramid, lyric. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">Six teams say “er”: er, ear, ir, wor, ur, and yr. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span><h2 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Arial">Vowel Teams</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">The Phonograms: ai-ay ei-ey ey ee ea oa-oe ow ui-ue eu-ew ie cei </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">1) ai and ay are partner teams for long a: ai is found within the root (rain), and ay at the end of the root (play). </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">2) ei-ey are partner teams for long a: ei is found within the root (eight), and ey at the end of the root (they). </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">3) ey can say long e when it is used as a suffix, as in money, turkey, or valley. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">4) ee is a vowel team for long e used within or at the end of a root (see, sheep, meet). </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">5) ea is a vowel team for long e used within or at the end of a root (sea, each, please). Ea can say short e in certain words, many of which are suffixed forms of root words containing the ea team for long e, as in meant (mean), health (heal), and pleasure (please). </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">6) oa-oe are partner teams for long o: oa is found within the root (coat), and oe at the end of the root (toe). </span><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Arial" size="4">7) ow is a vowel team for long o used at the end of a root (blow, grow) or before a final l or n (blown, grown, bowl). Most of the words in which ow is before a final n are past tense forms of verbs ending in ow. Ow is also a native English suffix, as in yellow, pillow, arrow.</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">8) ui-ue are partner teams for long u: ui is found within the root (fruit), and ue is found at the end of the root (blue). </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">9) eu-ew are partner teams for long u: eu is found within the root (feud), and ew is found at the end of the root or before a final n (blew, hewn). </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">10) ie is a vowel team for long e used within the root, as in chief, piece, relief. Ie can say long i when it occurs at the end of a short root word, as in pie, tie, or lie, or when it is used in a suffix as a substitute for y that has the sound of long i, as in cried (cry), flies (fly), or denied (deny). The exceptions are friend and sieve. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">11) cei always says long e, as in receive, ceiling, and conceit. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">12) Learn these sentences to help you remember the use of ie-ei: I before e except after c or if it says a as in neighbor and weigh. (Ei in neighbor and weigh is part of the partner team ei-ey.) Exceptions: Neither foreign sovereign, (low on) protein, seized either (the) counterfeit, forfeited leisure, (or the) weird heifer. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span><h2 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Arial">Vowel Teams for Special English Sounds</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">The Phonograms: au-aw oi-oy ou-ow oo </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">1) au-aw are partner teams for the sound “aw”; au is found within the root (cause), and aw is found at the end of the root or before a final k, l, or n (paw, hawk, crawl, yawn). </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">2) oi-oy are partner teams for the sound “oy”; oi is found within the root (oil), and oy is found at the end of the root (boy, loyal). </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">3) ou-ow are partner teams for the sound of “ow”; ou is found within the root (loud), and ow is found at the end of the root or before a final l, n, and sometimes d (cow, tower, howl, down, crowd). </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">4) oo has a short and long sound. It is long at the end of a root and within the root as in too, tool, balloon. It is sometimes short within the root, especially before k, as in good, foot, book. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span><h2 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Arial">The Wild “ou” Vowel Team</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">The ou vowel team can stand for six vowel sounds. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">1) As part of the ou-ow partner team, ou says “ow” as in loud or shout. This is by far the most common use of the ou phonogram. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">2) ou can say the long “oo” sound, as in you, group, through. Many of these words are borrowed from French, where the long oo sound is the normal sound for the phonogram ou. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">3) ou can say long o, as in four, though, soul. In many of these words, an r or l follows the ou phonogram. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">4) ou can say short u, as in touch, young, country. Ou also says short u in the suffix -ous, as in famous, raucous, pious. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">5) When the vowel team ou is followed by the consonant team gh, the resulting phonogram, ough, can say many different sounds, as in though, cough, rough, drought. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">6) When the vowel team ou is controlled by a final r at the end of a root, the resulting team, our, can say “er”, as in journey, flourish, and courage. The words in which ou is r-controlled are all from French. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span><h2 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Arial">T, S, and C Distortions</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">The Phonograms: ti, tu, si, su, ci, ce </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">1) sh is used to say “sh” at the beginning and end of a root word, and at the end of a syllable (sheep, fish, dishes), but except in the suffix -ship (friendship, worship), it is not used at the beginning of an inside syllable. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">2) ti and si are most frequently used to say “sh” at the beginning of an inside syllable (nation, partial, tension). </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">3) t before an unstressed u in a suffix says “ch”, as in picture, fortune, statue. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">4) s before u says “sh” or “zh” as in sure, tissue, pleasure. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">5) si and su are the only phonograms to say “zh” as in vision, pleasure. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">6) ci can be used to say “sh” at the beginning of an inside syllable, especially when the root word ends in -ce, as in face, facial. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">7) ce and ci as a single syllable says “she”, as in oceanic, associate. </span><h2 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Arial"> </span></h2><h2 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Arial">Spelling Rules for Adding Suffixes</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">Native English Suffixes </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">1) If the suffix begins with a consonant, the suffix is added to the root without changing the root. </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">2) If the suffix begins with a vowel, add the suffix to the root without changing the root, unless: </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">a. the root contains a short vowel right before a final consonant, then double the final consonant before adding the suffix (run to running; dip to dipped, red to reddish, cut to cutter). </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">b. the root ends in a silent e, then drop the silent e before adding the suffix (bake to baked, wide to widen, large to larger). </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">c. the root ends with the vowel y (not the “ay” vowel team), then change the y to i and add the suffix (cry to cries, dry to drier), but if the suffix to be adding is the -ing ending, then leave the root as it is and add the suffix (cry to crying, dry to drying). </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">3) When two or more suffixes are added to the root in succession: </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">a. if the first suffix is -y or -ly, change the y to i before adding a second suffix, regardless of whether the second suffix begins with a vowel or a consonant (like to likely to likelihood, hap to happy to happiness, hap to happy to happier). </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">b. If the first suffix is the -le syllable, we keep the e before a second suffix beginning with a consonant (settle to settlement, gentle to gentleness); but we drop the e if the second suffix begins with a vowel (straggle to straggler, haggle to haggling). </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">To add Latin suffixes to roots, please refer to Mrs. Bishop’s excellent discussion of the subject in Appendix B: Syllables, Stress, and Word Structure, pages 299-332 in The ABC’s and All Their Tricks.</span>此帖由 yqbyqb8 在 2006-06-06 23:07 进行编辑... |
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