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转贴:
Summary of the Book's Key Points:
此书的关键点总结:
Contrary to popular belief, what makes certain people great is not inborn talent. Rather, it is something called "deliberate practice," a sustained, often life-long, period of purposeful effort designed to improve performance in a specific domain. This turns out to be just as true in business as it is in sports, music, medicine, chess, science, and mathematics.
与大众观念相违背的是，造就了某些人的不是天分。而是一种”有意(的)练习“--即：用持续（往往是终身）的时期、有目的地努力提高具体某个领域表现水平。不论在商界、体育、音乐、医学、象棋、科学和数学中都是一样的。
Deliberate practice is characterized by several elements: It is an activity designed specifically to improve performance, often with a teacher's help; it can be repeated a lot; feedback on results is continuously available; and it's highly demanding mentally. It is far different than the general notion of "practice makes perfect." Instead of repeating a task over and over again in your comfort zone, deliberate practice requires that you identify certain sharply defined elements of performance that need to be advanced and then work intently on them.
有意练习由几个特点构成：它是指一种专门设计为提高表现的活动 －－ 往往同时在老师的帮助下进行；它是可以被大量反复；不断能从结果中获得反馈；而且对脑力要求非常苛刻。和一般“熟能生巧”的观点相比大相径庭。有意的练习不是去反复一次次在“舒适区”内重复某项任务，而是要求人们找到表现需要提高、定义清晰的因素，然后转型去锻炼它们。
Once a highly specific capability is improved, whether it's mastering a passage from a demanding music composition, delivering an investment recommendation in a staff meeting, or answering a key question in a job interview, then it's on to the next step. Top performers get the help of coaches or mentors to select and design the best practice activity, repeat them to a stultifying degree, adjust their techniques based on objective feedback, and concentrate so intensely on their efforts that it strains their mental abilities.
一旦具有高度明确性的某能力被提高（不论是掌握了要就苛刻的音乐作品中一个段落，在工作人员会议上发表投资推荐演说，或者是面试中回答一个关键性问题），那么就进行到下一步。 最优秀的人们从教练或导师那里获得帮助。这些人为他们挑选和设计最好的锻炼活动。然后，他们去重复这些活动直至到达一个无聊透顶的程度，之后，根据客观的反馈做出技巧调整。由于努力中要注意力高度地集中，结果这会"拉伸"他们的脑力。
If you are motivated to achieve, the fact that deliberate practice is extremely difficult is actually good news. Why? Most people don't do it or stick with it, so your commitment to do so will distinguish you. What makes deliberate practice so powerful is that it pushes you beyond what you can currently do and enables you perceive more, to know more, and to remember more than most other people.
如果你有成功的动力，那么有一个好消息： 有意练习极度困难。为什么呢？因为大多数人都不会去那么做、或者不会去坚持。所以你那么去做就将让你脱颖而出。之所以使得有意练习的方法有效是因为它能使你突破现今能够做到的，能让你能比大多数人感知到地更多、了解到地更多、记住地更多。
Excellent performers perceive more by developing better and faster understanding of what they see. This is evidenced by the best typists seeing more words on a page than others and expert radiologists detecting subtle but life-threatening issues from x-ray readings that elude medical residents. Highly trained pilots are twice as good as new pilots at sorting through the cacophony of air traffic control; and in business and finance, the best performers understand the significance of particular information and data that average performers don't even notice.
顶尖人士是通过培养出更好、更快理解所见到的事物的能力来获得更多的感知。可以证明的例子有:最好的打字员比其它人能记下一页纸上更多的单词；专家级放射科室人员能发现逃脱一般医生检查的x射线结果中微小却有生命威胁的问题；训练有素的飞行员在嘈杂的空中交通管制中的理清能力强于新飞行员一倍；在企业和金融界，顶尖人士会理解那些表现平平的人们甚至都不会注意到的某些信息和数据中的重要意义。
Great performers in every realm also recall more. Jack Nicklaus could reportedly remember every shot he had hit in every tournament. The best direct marketers remember the results of every campaign and which specific variables caused the largest movements in response rates.
每个领域中，达到最优秀的人们的记忆要更好。Jack Nicklaus（高尔夫球手)据说能回忆起每一次巡回赛中自己的每一杆球。最优秀的直销人员记得每一次活动中的结果，有哪些具体变化因素带来了回复率最大变更。
At the extreme, the effects of deliberate practice actually change the body and the brain. Endurance runners for example have larger than average hearts. But they weren't born that way; their hearts grew only after years of training. When they stop training their hearts revert toward normal size. When kids start practicing a musical instrument, their brains develop differently. Brain regions that hear tones and control fingers garner more territory. London taxi drivers, who train rigorously for two years on average, have been found to have larger areas of the brain where spatial navigation is governed. It is significant that the process by which the brain changes is very slow and requires many years of intensive work. Activities need to be replicated thousands and in some cases millions of times for the "rewiring" of the brain to take effect.
在极度情况下，有意练习的效果会真正改变你的身体和大脑。例如：长跑选手的心脏比一般人要大，但并不是天生如此；是通过多年练习才让他们的心脏发生了成长。当他们停止练习后，他们的心脏就会朝着正常的大小变化。当儿童开始练习乐器时，他们的大脑发育就和别人不一样。听声音、控制手指运动的大脑区域占据更多的“领土”。人们已经发现平均来说经过了两年高强度培训的伦敦出租车司机的支配空间导航的大脑区域较大。重要的一点是让大脑改变的是一个缓慢进行的、需要多年的密集活动的过程。它们需要成百上千次地被重复；有些时候要让大脑”发生构造变化“出现需要百万次地重复。
The fact is that great performers are different from everybody else. But the key points to recognize are, one that they didn't start out that way, and two, that the transformations didn't happen by themselves.
的确，卓越人士和别人是不一样。但是，关键在于认识到：首先，他们并不是生来如此。其次，由平凡到卓越转变不是自动发生。 |
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狗仔卡
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发表于 2009-10-18 10:53:09
