儿童没有言语时他的思维方式充满复杂性，在孩子7-8岁以前不能以成人的教导方式教育他，如果成人教他绘画，看起来他会比别的孩子画的更像，但这是人类生成的文化模型，他会失去创造性。如果你希望孩子是一个伟大的音乐家，不希望孩子成为音乐家时，经常给孩子提音乐是可以的，因为他会的在人类音乐里面去欣赏音乐。但如果你希望他成为一个有创造性的音乐家而不是演奏家的话，那就不一样了，人类的音乐充满一种节律，我们的分类把音乐的模型是Do re mi fa so la si do，我们的音乐结构永远是以这个为中心的结构体系，但是大自然的声音不是音律的结构，音律是人类模仿自然结构的一个象征性的逼近产物，所以海涛永远不可演奏的。如果一个孩子在两岁以前饱受了Do re mi fa so la si do的音乐刺激，结果是他对其他的音乐就失去了感受力。这在西方的研究里面已经证明，孩子生出来后，他的大脑中每个细胞都在待命，大脑有几十亿的神经细胞，它要处理的是复杂信息，大脑细胞对差异敏感，对一致性信息不敏感。我们在研究儿童孤独症会发现，儿童孤独症是因为他没有分类和抽象的能力，他会把每个花当成独立的花来记忆，而不会把月季、玫瑰当成一种花来记忆，这就是2岁以前儿子的智力类型，他们的每个细胞都在原地待命，当任何细胞对某一种差异产生了反应，它终身都会对这个差异产生反应，不再对其他信息进行反应，因为大脑的交流是无序的，是一个信息流的交流。我们在进行儿童神经活动研究发现，他们的大脑细胞全是充血和活动着的，但是一个成年人3/4的脑细胞不会活动，已经没有功能了，他们不需要活动。为什么？比如说一个10个月的孩子记住颜色的分类和计算机的敏感性是一样的，在英美合研的研究中发现，10个月的儿童对颜色的分辨率是成年人的几十倍，为什么？因为他没有“黄色”这个分类概念时，黄色卡片每一张都是个体，他没有抽象能力，他的卡片是以每一张来记的，而不是以颜色分类来记的，如果按照颜色分类来记，这是黄色、绿色、红色，他就只记三种，但是以个体来记就很复杂，所以他会在一堆卡片中找到色差非常接近的，用计算机模拟出只有一个色差。当我们到10-11岁时，我们看两种颜色是有差异的，儿童可以在计算机可分析的敏感度里面找到他的卡片是毫不费力的，是因为他对每一个卡片的识别能力是独特的，而不是分类。
Psychomotor Patterning
Steven Novella, MD
In the 1960s, psychomotor patterning was proposed as a new treatment modality for people with mental retardation, brain injury, learning disabilities, and other cognitive maladies. The method was subjected to controlled trials and found to be of no value. It was debated in the scientific literature up until the early 1970s, when the scientific medical community arrived at the consensus that is should be discarded as a false concept with no therapeutic role. Its use, however, has not stopped.
精神运动模式
The concept of patterning was invented by Glenn Doman and C. Delacato and is therefore often referred to as the Doman-Delacato technique [1]. Their theories are primarily an extension of the outdated concept that ontogeny (the stages through which organisms develop from single cell to maturity) recapitulates phylogeny (the evolutionary history of the species). Thus the neuron developmental stages of crawling, creeping, crude walking, and mature walking through which normal children develop is directly related to the amphibian, reptilian, and mammalian evolutionary human ancestors [2].
Doman and Delacato postulated that mental retardation represents a failure of the individual to develop through the proper phylogenetic stages. Their treatment modality supposedly stimulates proper development of these stages, each of which must be mastered before progress can be made to the next stage. This stimulation is done through what they call "patterning," in which the patient moves repeatedly in the manner of the current stage. In the "homolateral crawling" stage, for instance, patients crawl by turning their head to one side while flexing the arm and leg of that side and extending the arm and leg of the opposite side. Patients who are unable to execute this exercise by themselves are passively moved in this manner by 4-5 adults, alternating back and forth in a smooth manner. This must be repeated for at least 5 minutes, 4 times per day. This exercise is intended to impose the proper "pattern" onto the central nervous system. In the full treatment program, the exercises are combined with sensory stimulation, breathing exercises intended to increase oxygen flow to the brain, and a program of restriction and facilitation intended to promote hemispheric dominance [3]. Advocates claim that patterning enables mentally retarded and brain injured children to achieve improved, and even normal, development in the areas of visuo-spatial tasks, motor coordination, social skills, and intellect. They also claim to promote superior development in a normal child [4].
The theoretical basis of psychomotor patterning is therefore based on two primary principles, the recapitulationist theory of ontogeny and phylogeny, and the belief that passive movements can influence the development and structure of the brain. As Delacato stated in 1963:
Man has evolved phylogenetically in a known pattern. The ontogenetic development of normal humans in general recapitulates that phylogenetic process. We have been able to take children who deviate from normal development (severe brain injured) and through the extrinsic imposition of normal patterns of movement and behavior have been able to neurologically organize them sufficiently so that they can be placed within a human developmental pattern of crawling, creeping, and walking [3].
Medical treatments are evaluated on two criteria, their theoretical basis and their empirical value. The scientific community has rejected patterning on both counts. By the 1960s, it became clear that recapitulation it is based on an incorrect linear concept of evolution. Evolutionary lines continuously branch and deviate, forming a complex bush of relationships, not a linear ladder of descent. Embryological development does not reflect the mature stages of other distant branches of this evolutionary bush. Studying the embryology of the developing fetus also does not reveal any evidence of successive stages reflecting past evolutionary ancestors.
There is also no theoretical basis for the belief that patterns can be impressed upon the developing cortex. Brain development is genetically driven and involves a complex sequence of cell growth, migration, organization, and even programmed cell death. Abnormalities in this process can be caused by genetic flaws, toxic insults, infection, or biochemical abnormalities. There is no model by which any of these disparate causes can be influenced by passive, or even active, movement of the neck and limbs. Thirty years of subsequent neurological, embryological, and medical progress have failed to lend any theoretical or clinical support for Doman and Delacato's principles.
Their use of breathing exercises to promote oxygen delivery to the brain also lacks an acceptable theoretical basis. The brain and the cardiovascular system are designed to give highest priority to oxygen flow to the brain cells. Elaborate and powerful feedback mechanisms ensure adequate delivery. It is true that carbon dioxide retention, in this case achieved through breathing techniques, does increase blood flow to the brain. There is absolutely no reason to believe, however, that this helps the developing brain.
In 1982, the American Academy of Pediatrics issued a position statement concluding that "patterning" has no special merit, that its proponents' claims are unproven, and that the demands on families are so great that in some cases there may be actual harm in its use. The National Down Syndrome Congress has endorsed this statement and published it on its Web site [5].
1982年美国小儿科学会发表了一个看法声明，结论是模式没有什么特别价值，它的拥护者的主张是无法证明的，作者: enenen2009 时间: 2010-8-13 18:03
Of course, if clinical evidence could demonstrate that patterning improves neurological development, it would be still accepted and used. Many mainstream interventions lack a fully understood theoretical basis. Physicians are, at their heart, practical individuals, and if something works, it works. They require proof, however, that an intervention does indeed work and is safe.
On this score, patterning has just not delivered. Duringf approximately ten years in the late 60s and early 70s, dozens of clinical trials compared groups of developmentally delayed children given patterning treatment to comparable who received no treatment but similar amounts of attention [2,6-8]. None confirmed the claims of Doman and Delacato. Some found modest improvements in motor or visuo-spatial skills, but none showed improved intellectual development. The few positive studies were neither impressive nor reproducible. Eventually, such clinical trials stopped and the scientific community abandoned the technique as a blind alley.
The tragedy of this story does not stem from the fact that patterning is a failed theory. It is regrettable that patterning did not deliver as promised, for any legitimate treatment for brain injured and retarded children would be most welcome. The real tragedy began, however, when Doman and Delacato released their claims for a new dramatic treatment before their theories had been scientifically validated. This behavior, similar to the "cold fusion" fiasco, is more than just professionally irresponsible. In physics, such behavior is merely bad form; when dealing with the desperate parents of brain injured children, it should be considered cruel. Doman and Delacato were widely criticized for publicizing their unsubstantiated claims and giving false hope to vulnerable parents and their afflicted children.
The saga, however, did not end with the scientific death of patterning. Doman, Delacato, and their associates began incorporating the patterning technique into their Institutes for the Achievement of Human Potential (IAHP), which was established in Philadelphia in the 1950s and still operates today. A second facility, the National Academy of Child Development (NACD) in Huntsville, Utah, that offers patterning as part of their treatment program. The NACD is run by Robert Doman, the nephew of Glenn Doman, although both institutions state that there is no association between the two.
On August 8, 1996, NBC aired a program titled "Miracle Babies," hosted by Kathy Lee Gifford. The program included a segment portraying an apparent "miracle cure" of a child suffering from moderate mental retardation. As is typical of the lay media, Kathy Lee provided an emotionally appealing view of patterning without even a hint of skepticism. The segment did bring out the desperateness of the parents. They were clearly devastated, as any parents would be, by the need to finally accept that their child was not developing normally. In their desperation, they sought any possible hope, and it was offered to them by the IAHP. The hope that they purchased, however, came at a heavy price, both financial and emotional.
The IAHP and the NACD both rely heavily on the family as the primary deliverers of the patterning treatment. In order to even reach the stage where their child can be enrolled into the aggressive treatment program, they must first complete a training and evaluation course that begin with purchasing and listening to a set of audiotapes. The IAHP states in their literature that only the most dedicated and capable parents will make it to the final stage of treatment. The NACD appears less demanding, but follows the same principle. The program requires families to alter their lives to institute a daily program of patterning exercises, breathing exercises, and sensory stimulation. The mother interviewed by Kathy Lee stated that the program was so demanding that it dominated her life, resulting in emotional and physical exhaustion.
The program also illuminated another important feature of the patterning phenomenon, the difference between anecdotal and scientific evaluation of its effectiveness. Most children, even severely mentally retarded children, still grow and develop, although more slowly than average. Therefore, any child admitted into any treatment program will make some progress as an inevitable consequence of time and their natural development, even if that treatment program is completely worthless. Without adequate controls, it is therefore impossible to evaluate any such treatment. Of course, Kathy Lee and the parents of the child on the program reported remarkable progress. Whether or not the treatments played any role, however, cannot be known. The viewers, however, were encouraged to believe that they had witnessed a miracle cure.
NACD and IAHP literature both caution that individual results will vary. It also implies that if the patient fails to make significant progress, the parents are to blame. The NACD also embraces other scientifically questionable practices. Its Web site offers the following screening test for "food sensitivieis":
Check the following list. If three or more apply to your child, food sensitivity may be a problem:
Sometimes congested
History of ear infections
Behavior: frequent ups and downs
Poor attention span at times
Night or morning coughing spells
Variable hearing, sometimes good, sometimes poor
Post-nasal drip
Headaches
Periods of restlessness
Although the problems listed above undoubtedly have a number of possible causes, food sensitivities must be considered as one of the most likely [9].
Food sensitivies have no proven relationship to behavior, and most of the above symptoms are not related to food sensitivity. The NACD also offers a consultation with an "orthomolecular physician." Such practitioners are clearly outside of the scientific mainstream.
Conclusion
The Doman-Delacato patterning technique is premised on a bankrupt and discarded theory and has failed when tested under controlled conditions. Its promotion with unsubstantiated claims can cause significant financial and emotional damage. Such claims can instill false hope in many people who are already plagued by guilt and depression, setting them up for a futher disappointment, guilt, and feelings of inadequacy. The process can also waste their time, energy, emotion, and money. These resources may be taken away from their children. Parents can also be distracted from dealing with the situation in other practical ways and coping psychologically as a family with the reality of having a brain-injured or mentally retarded child. Parents are encouraged, in fact, to remain in a state of denial while they are pursuing a false cure.
References:
Doman RJ, Spitz EB, Zucman E, Delacato CH, Doman G. Children with severe brain injuries: Neurologic organization in terms of mobility. JAMA 174:257, 1960.
Cohen HJ, Birch HG, Taft LT. Some considerations for evaluating the Doman-Delacato "Patterning" method. Pediatrics 45:302- 14, 1970.
Delacato CH. The Diagnosis and Treatment of Speech and Reading Problems. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas, 1963.
Doman G, Delacato CH. Train your baby to be a genius. McCall's magazine, March 1965, p 65.
American Academy of Pediatrics. Policy statement: The Doman-Delacato treatment of neurologically handicapped children. Pediatrics 70:810-812, 1982.
Neman R and others. Experimental experimental evaluation of sensorimotor patterning used with mentally retarded children. American Journal of Mental Deficiency 79:372-84, 1975.
Ziegler E, Victoria S. On "An experimental evaluation of sensorimotor patterning": A Critique. American Journal of Mental Deficiency 79:483-92, 1975.
Freeman RD. Controversy over "patterning" as a treatment for brain damage in children. JAMA 202:83-86, 1967.
Doman G. Food sensitivities: The hidden problems作者: enenen2009 时间: 2010-8-13 18:06 标题: 看一下一个Doman baby 的亲身经历的故事 I probably should just go ahead and create a single file on this, since I
think I end up posting it about yearly or so.
Glenn Doman, a physical therapist, got the idea after working with WWII
veterans, that children with brain injuries should be able to recover from
these injuries as well, by going through a forced 'patterning' of body
movements. He tried this on a few children, and it seemed to work, which led
to the Institute for the Advancement of Human Potential. The theories were
refined through the work of Carl Delacato, who believed that this could have
application to children with Downs, Autism, and similar conditions. This was
later applied to students with learning disabilities, students who were
'slow learners', and, eventually, to just plain normal kids who the parents
wanted to make smarter.
Later on, in response to his book 'How to Help Your Brain Injured Child',
Doman wrote several other books, which still exist in pretty much their
original form, including 'How to teach your baby to read', 'How to teach
your baby math' and'Give your child universal intelligence'. Summaries of
these books were printed in Women's magazines, and many of the reviews seem
to almost have the attitude that 'if you don't do this, you're a bad
parent'.
All of Doman's methods have the same basic features in common. They all are
very rigid and segmented, and take a huge amount of parent/adult time. The
physical patterning requires five people to move the child's body for him
for some of the activities. The child has no choice, no volition, and no
control. Since at the time this was started, students with disabilities
weren't welcome in many public school classrooms, the goal was to
'normalize' the child and hide the disability. It was a high stress activity
both for the parents and the child, and the term 'plateau panic' was coined
to describe the situation where the child stops improving. The parents were
cautioned not to stop the program if the child fought it, because, like
eating vegetables, it was to help the child.
Two accounts written of Doman families are
'A boy called hopeless' and 'No time for Jello'
Both have positive outcomes, but show the stress this placed on the family.
In the 60's and 70's, thousands of children went through the IAHP, first
those who had definite disabilities, and later, those who had parents who
just were willing to spend a lot of money and time to make their child
'better.' Doman only took those who he considered able to be helped, with
the result that the deck was stacked to children who had developmental
disabilities which would improve with time, or just plain intelligent
children who already were above average and would be a success for the
program.
By the mid/late 80's, there were starting to be long-term studies of the
'Doman Babies'. These children were now in their teens and college years,
and certain commonalities had begun to emerge.
1. Most of these children had a very low tolerance for personal failure, and
were generally unable to accept that any situation did not have its roots in
them personally-a very high internal locus of control. While some of this is
desirable, these children, as teens and adults tend to be very prone to
severe depression and suicide attempts, because when they run into things
they can't control, they simply can't deal with the situation. A bad work
situation or a just plain unfair situation is next to impossible for one of
these individuals to handle emotionally, because they automatically accept
blame.
Girls, especially, who went through the Doman programs, have a high
frequency of ending up in abusive relationships and not getting out of them,
because this self-blame and internal locus of control feeds the tendencies
of an abusive personality.
This has been attributed to both the lack of control in the early years and
the high level of parental stress. Other studies have shown similar effects
in children who have experienced extreme situations, such as severe abuse by
a parent, living in a war zone, etc.
2. Many of these students were later diagnosed with some rather unusual
learning disabilities, especially those related to spacial perception and
perceptual motor skills, and usually only found in children who were unable
to develop movements naturally. This is believed to be because, while the
patterning attempted to create a normal development cycle, it effectively
meant that the child didn't develop at the time the child needed to develop.
While the child was being taught to crawl, he/she missed out on what he
would have been doing at the time. While the child was being given eye
exercises to speed reading, he/she wasn't developing the visual skills
naturally.
3. Many of these individuals have significant difficulties socially, and, as
children, were unable to interact with other children. In adulthood, these
individuals have difficulty making social relationships, and often seem
rather 'cold' or 'aloof'. This is probably a combination of a lack of social
interaction with children and also a body language issue, because the body
movements taught tend to come off as hostile.
4. Some of the Doman covering techniques, designed to make a disability less
obvious, actually cause physical damage in the long term. Other children,
especially children with Downs, were subjected to facial plastic surgery,
which, because of their young age at the time, has sometimes caused problems
and required further surgeries later. In addition, the child was sometimes
forced to lie and hear their parents lying about their abilities and
disabilities for years at a time, which wasn't exactly good psychologically
for the child.
I, unfortunately, know too well these traits. I was a Doman baby (born with
cerebral palsy). While the Doman methods may have increased my physical
abilities, and made me 'acceptable' to enter school, I have also paid the
price. I was fortunate in that one of my college psychology professors (Dr.
Michael Shaugnessy, who has done some of the long-term studies on Doman
Babies) recognized the traits in me and asked about my history, which let me
both have access to the data and see that I wasn't alone, and led me to get
therapy to help with the emotional and social ramifestations.
Nothing makes up for the physical, though. I have a severe visual-spacial
cognitive disorder, which basically gives me very little depth perception,
and tends to scramble things which have both a vertical and horizontal
component. Driving, or even riding in a car, is terrifying for me, although
I've learned to judge it, because I can't judge the amount of space around
me as well, and even when my intellectual mind knows that I'm safe, my
visual senses tell me otherwise. I don't handle crowds of humans well for
the same reason.
I also have wearing of my joints and arthritis, which has been attributed to
my being taught to keep a rigid posture and closed in body position to hide
the muscle movements typical of CP. This didn't stop the movements, but what
it did do was put the strain on my body. As a result, my bones and joints
are aging at about 2 times my chronological age, and I will be much less
mobile over the long term because of this. I also deal with pain daily
because of this.
I am actually better off than many of the Doman children, because I only
went through the program for 2 years. Some children went through this for as
long as 10, and often were homeschooled or tutored to allow time for the
program, which meant that the child had almost no social interaction.
While it is much harder to study children who were exposed to the Doman
methods at home, since for several years the books were extremely popular,
teens and adults who appear with similar symptoms can often recollect the
activities which were listed there, when asked about their pre-school years.
While the newer editions of the books look to be a bit 'softer'-they give
time limits and talk of the importance of social interaction with other
children, the original umpteen printings are still on library shelves all
over the world.
Robert Doman (Glenn's son) is still continuing to work with developmental
disabilities, however the methods are now much softer and more
developmentally appropriate, and the therapies are now limited only to
disabled children. Many of the techniques pioneered by Doman and Delacato
are still used in early intervention programs-just in less stringent and
structured ways. There is no denying that this work really pushed early
intervention, but like many experiments, it had consequences not expected.
I don't blame my parents for deciding to do the program-at the time, it was
the best option out there for helping a child with a disability. I do hope
that my experiences have helped make it better for children now.
'toto' wrote in message
news:8ibaiuc6j7pkre7jaf796pl8mattjccl8b@4ax.com...
> On Thu, 04 Jul 2002 21:33:12 -0400, Rosalie B.
> wrote:
>
> >cppfister@aol.com (CPPfister) wrote:
> >
> >>From: Rosalie B. gmbeasley@mindspring.com
> >>>She may also be of an age to remember a time when reading problems were
> >>>linked to lack of crawling. Those studies are (I'm told) discredited now,
> >>>but people in our day sometimes made heroic efforts to 'reprogram' kids
> >>>that were considered not to have crawling time.
> >>
> >>Which brings up a question I have. I overheard an acquaintance talking about
> >>his baby to another member of the choir. He said the baby will pull up and
> >>then walk wherever they want to go. The dad said that they would take the
> >>baby back and make him crawl instead. The other choir member (an older
> >>woman) nodded understandingly. When I asked why on earth they would
> >>do that, the woman turned to me and said, 'Babies need to crawl to get
> >>the left-right motion down. It makes them more coordinated.' Now, I had
> >>never heard that a baby who can already walk should be forced to crawl,
> >>but I didn't say anything because I thought maybe they knew something
> >>I didn't.
> >>
> >>How about it? Is there a problem with babies that don't crawl before
> >>walking?
> >
> >It used to be thought that kids with (I think) reading problems had the
> >problem because they did not crawl, and never got that alternate hand foot
> >thing ingrained into their coordination memory. Someone who was a victim
> >of that program posted a lot of information about it but I no longer
> >remember who. If I have time I'll do a google search.
> >
> >grandma Rosalie
>
> The key word is Doman and he is still practicing, but not sure if he
> changed the patterning component.
>
> Glenn Doman is the *Teach your Baby to Read* guy.
>
> Dorothy
>
>
> There is no sound, no cry in all the world
> that can be heard unless someone listens ..
> source unknown作者: enenen2009 时间: 2010-8-13 18:18 标题: 其他想法-----让我们练就火眼晶晶！ 其实以上的文章在论坛中有很多了，之前一直没有很好的拜读，这几天好好的读了一些，感触很多，打击很大！！为了让更多人了解，所以将很多文章黏贴上来了，其实还找到了一些国外的文章，有空再放上去好了，让更多的家长能多多了解。
这正是古人所说的，得到一个失去一个；用人类不成熟的理论：盲目开发右脑在另外一个方面就将抑制左脑。引用杜曼baby自己的结论“While the child was being taught to crawl, he/she missed out on what he would have been doing at the time. While the child was being given eye exercises to speed reading, he/she wasn't developing the visual skills aturally。”这句话的深切含义就在这里了。
